References

Additional sources and materials

1. S nashej tochki zreniya, pravomerno govorit' lish' o tak nazyvaemom gestatsionnom
 surrogatnom materinstve, kogda surrogatnaya mat' ne imeet biologicheskoj svyazi s vy
 nashivaemym eyu rebenkom. Ehtot vid surrogatnogo materinstva poyavilsya v 80e gody
 KhKh v. s razvitiem vspomogatel'nykh reproduktivnykh tekhnologij i sredstv terapii
 besplodiya. Tol'ko pri nalichii dvukh uslovij: geneticheskoj svyazi mezhdu rebenkom i
 litsami, ozhidayuschimi rebenka, a takzhe nalichiya soglasheniya mezhdu surrogatnoj ma
 ter'yu i litsami, ozhidayuschimi rebenka, o vynashivanii i peredache rebenka mozhno go
 vorit' o bezuslovnom prave suprugov poluchit' roditel'skie prava v otnoshenii ro
 divshegosya rebenka. V drugikh sluchayakh zhenschina, vynashivayuschaya rebenka, yavlyaetsya
 biologicheskoj mater'yu rebenka i ne mozhet nazyvat'sya surrogatnoj na tom osnovanii,
 chto ona otdaet rebenka supruzheskoj pare po dogovoru, poluchaya za uslugu vynashiva
 niya denezhnoe voznagrazhdenie. Ne yavlyayutsya zhe surrogatnymi materyami zhenschiny,
 ostavlyayuschie svoikh detej v rodil'nykh domakh, kotorykh potom usynovlyayut. Mitryakova
 E.S. predlagaet sleduyuschee opredelenie: surrogatnoe materinstvo  pravovaya svyaz'
 mezhdu surrogatnoj (vynashivayuschej) mater'yu i suprugami (zakazchikami), voznikayu
 schaya po povodu implantatsii v organizm surrogatnoj materi geneticheski chuzhogo ej
 ehmbriona dlya ego vynashivaniya, rozhdeniya rebenka i ego posleduyuschej peredachi za
 kazchikam. Sm: Mitryakova E.S. Pravovoe regulirovanie surrogatnogo materinstva v
 Rossii. Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni kandidata yuridiches
 kikh nauk. Tyumen', 2006. S. 67.
 2. Rossijskaya gazeta. 2006, 8 dek.
 3. V prenatal'nom periode i v rannem detstve ‘‘zakazannoj’’ rebenok lishen laski, chuv
 stva zaschischennosti (kogda rebenok rozhdaetsya, emu, pomimo tepla i edy, neobkhodim
 esche i kontakt s materinskim litsom, telom, oschuschenie ee prisutstviya) so storony ma
 teri, kotoroj on vosprinimaet zhenschinu, kotoraya ego vynashivaet. Ona ego ne ozhida
 et, poehtomu soznatel'no i podsoznatel'no ne vstupaet s nim v ehmotsional'nuyu svyaz'.
 Proizvedya rebenka na svet, ona peredaet ego zakazchikam, rezko razryvaya voznikshuyu
 v period beremennosti svyaz' s rebenkom. Sensornaya (lishenie cheloveka zritel'nykh,
 slukhovykh, taktil'nykh ili inykh oschuschenij) i ehmotsional'naya (sostoyanie, kotoroe voz
 nikaet v tekh sluchayakh, kogda cheloveku ne predostavlyaetsya vozmozhnosti udovletvorit'
 svoi bazovye zhiznennye potrebnosti v techenie togo vremeni i v toj mere, v kakoj emu ehto neobkhodimo) deprivatsii destruktivno vliyayut na psikhiku i zdorov'e rebenka,
 vplot' do neobratimykh narushenij, proyavlyayas' v samykh neozhidannykh oblastyakh ego
 zhizni. Na segodnyashnij den' o sensornoj deprivatsii izvestno nemalo. Dokazano, chto
 pri defitsite sensornoj informatsii lyubogo poryadka u cheloveka aktualiziruetsya
 potrebnost' v sil'nykh oschuscheniyakh i perezhivaniyakh, razvivaetsya, po suti, sensornyj
 i/ ili ehmotsional'nyj golod. Po mere uvelicheniya vremeni prebyvaniya v usloviyakh
 sensornoj deprivatsii nachinayut razvivat'sya zatormozhennost', depressiya, apatiya,
 kotorye na korotkoe vremya smenyayutsya ehjforiej, razdrazhitel'nost'yu. Otmechayutsya
 takzhe narusheniya pamyati, ritma sna i bodrstvovaniya, ukhudshaetsya sostoyanie somati
 cheskogo zdorov'ya, a vposledstvii sensornaya deprivatsiya v detstve yavlyaetsya prichina
 mi bol'shinstva depressivnykh sostoyanij, nevrozov, chuvstva odinochestva, sotsial'nykh
 problem lichnosti i razvitiya kompleksov. Avstralijskie spetsialisty obnaruzhili,
 chto srednij indeks umstvennogo razvitiya detej, zachatykh s pomosch'yu metoda iskusst
 vennogo detorozhdeniya, znachitel'no nizhe, chem u rodivshikhsya estestvennym putem.
 Sm.: Psikhologiya. /Slovar'/ Pod obsch. red. A.V. Petrovskogo, M.G. Yaroshevskogo; Nari6
 tsyn N. O sekse i ne tol'ko.  www.bondage.ru/ t/ 010027.html; Shishova T. Surrogat
 noe materinstvo: vopreki estestvu // Nyanya. 2002. № 10.  nyanya ru.
 4. O zapreschenii kommercheskogo surrogatnogo materinstva govoritsya v Bryussel'skoj
 deklaratsii Vsemirnoj meditsinskoj assotsiatsii (1985 g.). V kachestve zamenyayuschikh ma
 terej mogut vystupat' rodstvenniki besplodnoj pary, ehto snizhaet risk kommertsia
 lizatsii.
 5. Schenker J.G., Shushan A. Ethical and legal aspects of assisted reproduction practice in
 Asia // Human Reproduction. 1996. № 11(4). P. 908911.
 6. V marte 2008 g. pervyj ‘‘kitajskij rebenok iz probirki’’, rozhdennyj v gospitale Pe
 kinskogo universiteta  Chzhehn Mehnchzhu otmetila svoe dvadtsatiletie // RIA ‘‘Novo
 sti’’ 26.02.2008.
 7. Shanghai Star. 2002. 7 July; Dalyan' zhibao. 2004. 2 dek.
 8. http://english.people.com.cn/ 90001/ 90776/ 6318880.html.
 9. http://russian.people.com.cn/ 31519/ 6245572.html.
 10. wx920.com // http://lenta.ru/ news/ 2006/ 07/ 24/ nokinds/ .
 11. China.org.cn/ English/ 2002/ Sep/ 44656.htm.
 12. Career or giving birth — the dilemma faced by Chinese women.  http://www/ women
 ofchina.cn/ Issues/ Marriage_Family/ 10798.jsp.
 13. Experts warn of lower fertility because of stress, lifestyle.  chinadaily.com.cn/ cndy/
 200704/ 10/ content_846612.htm.
 14. China faces sperm donor shortage.  http://news.bbc.co.uk/ go/ pr/ fr/ / 1/ hi/ world/
 asiapacific/ 3752242.stm.
 15. Experts warn of lower fertility because of stress, lifestyle.  chinadaily.com.cn/ cndy/
 200704/ 10/ content_846612.htm.
 16. Fertility industry takes off in China.  www.chinadaily.com.cn/ english/ doc/ 200503/
 30/ content_429518.htm; Gestational Surrogacy Banned in China. 
 http://fuzhou.china.com.cn/ English/ 2001/ Jun/ 15215.htm.
 17. Infertility treatment in China.  www.obgen.net.
 18. Fertility industry takes off in China.  chinadaily.com.cn/ english/ doc/ 200503/ 30/ con
 tent_429518.htm.
 19. China: drug bid to beat child ban.  chinadaily.com.cn/ english/ doc/ 200602/ 14/ con
 tent_520054.htm.
 20. Sheridan M. Fertilitydrug twins beat China’s onechild policy.  The Sunday Times.
 2005. 27 February.
 21. Iskusstvennaya insemenatsiya  metod vspomogatel'noj reproduktsii (naryadu s EhKO,
 EhKO/ IKSI), pri kotorom, kak i pri drugikh metodakh, nekotoryj ehtap zachatiya rebenka
 proiskhodit iskusstvenno. Pri vnutrimatochnykh insemenatsiyakh spermu predvaritel'
 no obrabatyvayut, delaya ee pokhozhej na tot sostav, kotoryj sperma priobretaet vo
 vlagalische na puti v matku pri estestvennom polovom akte, i otbiraya ‘‘vyzhimku’’ iz naibolee sposobnykh k oplodotvoreniyu spermatozoidov. Vvedenie neobrabotannoj
 spermy neposredstvenno v matku nedopustimo.
 22. Fertility industry takes off in China.  chinadaily.com.cn/ english/ doc/ 200503/ 30/
 content_429518.htm.
 23. Surrogate mother asks extra money for twins.  chinadaily.com.cn/ china/ 200608/ 09/
 content_660919.htm.
 24. http://english.people.com.cn/ 200602/ 16/ eng20060216_243238.html.
 25. Great expectations.  http://chinadaily.com.cn/ cndy/ 200807/ 17/ content_6853465.htm.
 26. Tam zhe.
 27. Sm. primech. 1.
 28. Great expectations.  http://chinadaily.com.cn/ cndy/ 200807/ 17/ content_6853465.htm.
 29. Shan Juan. Surrogate mothers cashing in.  chinadaily.com.cn/ china/ 200708/ 28/ con
 tent_6061123.htm.
 30. I want my child, from a tube.  chinadaily.com.cn/ english/ doc/ 200407/ 12/ con
 tent_347577.htm.
 31. Kitajskie vlasti obeschayut zapretit' surrogatnoe materinstvo. 
 http://www.rambler.ru/ news/ medicine/ 0/ 7654401.html?print=1.
 32. Shanghai encounters surrogate pregnancy.  chinadaily.com.cn/ china/ 200605/ 22/
 content_597045.htm.
 33. Tam zhe.
 34. Wang Shanshan. Baby boom for surrogate mothers despite ban.  chinadaily.com.cn/
 china/ 200702/ 06/ content_801792.htm.
 35. Surrogate pregnancy challenges social ethic.  http://english.people.com.cn/ 200601/ 07/
 print20060107_233577.html.
 36. Kitajskie vlasti obeschayut zapretit' surrogatnoe materinstvo. 
 http://www.rambler.ru/ news/ medicine/ 0/ 7654401.html?print=1.
 37. Shan Juan. Surrogate mothers cashing in.  chinadaily.com.cn/ china/ 200708/ 28/ con
 tent_6061123.htm.
 38. Legal uncertainties of “surrogate motherhood” .  chinadaily.com.cn/ cndy/ 200807/ 17/
 content_6853460.htm.
 39. http://english.people.com.cn/ 200602/ 16/ eng20060216_243238.html.
 40. Dlya uvelicheniya shansov na uspekh, kak pravilo, implantiruetsya 23 , a to i 4 ehmbriona.
 41. Ehffektivnost' EhKO na segodnyashnij den' v mire sostavlyaet v srednem 30%.
 42. V pervom fil'me dejstvuyut ‘‘replikanty’’  iskusstvennye lyudi, kotorykh nevozmo
 zhno otlichit' ot nastoyaschikh, a v drugom lyudej razvodyat pod zemlej i derzhat v ehmbri
 onal'nom sostoyanii v spetsial'nykh kapsulakh. Kstati, v nastoyaschee vremya v mire uzhe
 vedutsya issledovaniya po sozdaniyu iskusstvennoj sredy, v kotoroj mozhno vyraschi
 vat' ehmbrionov cheloveka bez materi kak takovoj.
 43. Osnovnye mekhanizmy razvitiya vklyuchayut: proiskhozhdenie i geneticheskie otlichiya,
 kotorye yavlyayutsya nasledstvennymi i peredayutsya posleduyuschim pokoleniyam; muta
 tsiya, peremeschenie ili smeschenie gena, kak by migratsiya genov, prichem sluchajnogo kha
 raktera, a takzhe estestvennyj otbor.